Reflection 2

I have had finished four revised annotations when Cheryl and I met with Emma. As far as the one and two revised annotations are concerned, I didn’t do a good job. Especially the first one, it was written in list! I planned to take advantage of form to make readers realize my annotation easier, whereas, it creates unlikeliness between the appropriate one. So I have to rewrite it again. On the other hand, the third and fourth annotations have to be shortened due to my overburdened messages in them. I consider summarizing is truly a hard work now. There are almost one hundred times the numbers of 500 in a book but I can only use 500 words to conclude it. Deciding which part of material is the most worth mentioning is difficult. These messages are so important and interesting to me! I want to tell my readers all of them. Also, it takes me a long time to understand these materials so it will be a pity if I cannot use them well. It was painful when I was about to organize these vast messages. I felt like I was an embarrassing magician who couldn’t show her audience a rabbit out of void. There are too many things to tell and I have no idea where to start and how to say. Then soon the situation changed, I couldn’t stop, on the other words, there were too many rabbits on the stage.  

The next problem I have is titling my issue paper. Luckily, Emma and Cheryl gave me a hand to it. Except the first annotation, the rest of my works are interrogation, phycology profiling and autopsy which come from famous crime series. But what are they? In fact, I have hadn’t thought about it until Emma asked me. I just followed the ideas crime series gave me respectively and searched for the appropriate annotations from them. It proves that if I am confused about my own work, I definitely cannot title it well, and neither can my readers know what I am talking about. It sort of shows my fundamental idea of issue paper is weak. I merely cannot tell why I choose this topic when I was forced to title it. In fact, they are three powerful ways to find out who the murderer is. I introduce them because there have been many famous series feature them. After my introduction I compare the situation in Taiwan with them and see what we lack and what we own.

I have to modifying the original annotations many times and link them orderly in the next three two weeks, present a complete work. I am anxious about this task. It sounds tough and about to take me a lot of time and effort. Nevertheless, I am expecting my issue paper show up. I feel no tiredness or revolt toward crime involved issue indicates that I am really fond of it. It is good news. Hope that the next good news is that I have finished the last task.       

Revised annotation 4: Dissecting Death

I deleted redundant narration upon classmates' advice. Also, I explained more detail about forensics
medicals in Taiwan.(2011/12/26)
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Frederick Zugibe, MD, Ph.D.(2007). Dissecting Death.商周出版：家庭傳媒城邦

In crime series, coroners are ever-present characters, furthermore, some series particularly let coroners chase suspects personally, such as “Bones”, “Dexter”. Whereas, a coroner provide more evidence when they stay at mortuaries. Evidence from coroner’s inquest carry the weight with investigation. Time of death (TOD) and cause of death (COD) are decisive for the police narrowing the number of suspects. Coroner’s report directs the way of investigation.

A professional coroner should be a forensic pathologist at the same time. They are the first ones arrive at the crime scene. In order to ensure the purity of evidence, their priority is to block the crime scene and then examine the body initially. When it is done, they pack the corpse and bring it to autopsy room for more information. Identification is the first challenge for coroner. Not all the bodies carry their cards when they died. A corpse’s face is unrecognizable usually result of rottenness or deliberately destruction. Suppose AFIS(Automated Fingerprint Identification System finds no match data, then coroner has to ask for experts’ help- a forensic dentist, an  anthropologist is able to distinguish the dead’s race, sex, age, and figure by the bodies’ skeleton . It will be helpful if a forensic sculptor use computers to reconstruct the dead’s head and appearance according to the skull.  

During the autopsy, coroners start with head in routine procedure, but it depends on the body’ s situation sometimes. The angle of sawing skull may be different from the last case for the further examination of nasal cavity. Then the scalpels move downward to the thoracic cavity(胸腔). The breastbones are cut to show inward chest and expose the organs. Coroners eviscerate and weight, slice viscera for reservation. Abdomen and pelvis(骨盆腔)should do the same. No matter what step is going now, coroners have to take sample of everything, fluid in each cavity, blood, and even remained food in stomach is included. Also, they record everything simultaneously in either vocal or verbal way. Finishing the autopsy, coroners present a complete report to the police. All information about this corpse is contained. With coroner’s help, the police grasp the general picture of this murder and have an idea who may be the suspect.

Time of death(TOD) and cause of death(COD) are two tough tasks for coroners. As long as the coroner’s words incongruent with the suspect’s, he or she may not the one we are searching for. Several methods are beneficial for coroner when these two essential questions are being asked. As far as the TOD is concerned, coroners can reason it by observing rottenness of body, which can be roughly divided into several stages. Nevertheless, outer environment still influent coroner’s accuracy easily, so rectal thermometer(直腸溫度計), or testing potassium(鉀) in vitreous humor(眼球玻璃體) are latest methods for reducing errors. The other challenging one, COD, is equally complicated. Coroners have to tell murder weapon and how it causes the wounds. Knife wound and gunshot are most common. In order to confirm the gun’s type, coroners may have to cooperate with ballistics experts.

Though coroners are powerful in investigation, in Taiwan, we have only few of them and low rate of autopsy. Why? A coroner’s social status, working environment and payment is worse than a normal doctor. A doctor salaried three hundred thousand dollars a month if he cure live people but only salaried eighty thousand if he cut the bodies open. Besides, being a professional coroner takes lengthy time. Only those who own strong determination succeed. Review the major cases in Taiwan, a professional coroner’s reporter can settle down controversy easily. In case of Jian-he Su, it is reported that two victims were died of knife wound, but the murder weapon is unknown and neither do the type of wounds. Lack of key details makes three defendants prove their innocent hardly. Crime series give us a glimpse of the importance and capability of coroners. We are in a hope of seeing more dead’s injustice exposed and more revealing truth spoke by a benevolent and professional coroner.  
       

Annotation 4: 《死亡解剖台》by Frederick Zugibe

Frederick Zugibe, MD., Ph.D.,(2007),Dissecting Death, 商周出版：家庭傳媒城邦

●法醫病理學(forensic pathology)：

法醫病理學這塊領域，是關於涉及司法刑事方面的身體創傷與暴力致死，它尤其注重於查出造成死亡和創傷的工具、方式和原因。此一專業融合了人類的深入查證與科學的探索…

        法醫調查的依據，是針對每件犯罪行為及其遺留之影響的全面認知，無論罪犯如何狡猾的掩蓋他們的犯罪痕跡。透過法醫調查可明瞭，只要能確切追蹤並分析每個線索，他們便能無聲的透漏隱藏在每一樁強暴、謀殺，或自殺案件背後的內情，引領我們將罪犯繩之以法。(p.48-49)

l   羅卡交換論(Locard’s principle)：

愛德蒙‧羅卡(Edmund Locard, 1877-1966)是一位傑出的法國警察…羅卡教導每個追隨他的探員一個重點：某人每次只要接觸到另一人或另一物，無論多偶然或多不明顯，都會造成實體物質的交換。今日整個刑事偵查學，都是奠定在這個簡單的基礎原則上。

舉例來說，如果我們撿起一把刀，便會在刀鋒或刀柄留下我們的皮膚油脂和指紋。倘若我們摩擦到沙發，衣服上便會沾上極細小的纖維。假使我們走過草地，鞋子和衣服便會黏到小孢子、種子，以及少許泥土與草葉。…簡而言之，我們與周遭環境、物件，及他人的接觸和互動，都會留下證物。(P.49)

l   法醫應具備何種訓練與知識？

首先，必須取得醫生資格，然後接受解剖病理學(anatomic pathology)訓練，並獲得合格證書。解剖病理學的研習訓練，包括傷病方面密集的基本研究，而法醫病理學的研習訓練，則包括原因可疑的死亡、暴力導致的死亡、藥物或毒藥導致的死亡、意外死亡、車禍死亡、溺死、觸電死亡、雷擊死亡、爆炸致死，以及外力侵入導致的死亡。

        以上訓練都另須配合其他進一步的知識，包括槍傷與刀傷、各種類型的彈藥武器、有毒植物、昆蟲學、毒物學，以及許多與猝死或暴力致死等領域相關的知識。身為法醫，還必須精通解剖、胚胎學、放射學、外科技術、各種創傷研究、電子顯微鏡應用、相位差顯微鏡應用、偏光顯微鏡應用，以及科學與醫學方面的訓練。(p.51)

l   從法醫學的角度來說，縱火的目的是焚毀人體組織。若被害者是在生前遭縱火焚燒，解剖檢驗時，便會發現血液中含有大量吸入性二氧化碳，且由於被害者在痛苦掙扎時吸入滾熱的濃煙，因此鼻腔深處會呈黑色。手腕和腳踝若有未遭焚燒的皮膚，顯示被害者的手腳在火起時遭綑綁。如果頸部有一圈未遭焚燒的皮膚，表示被害者先遭勒頸再焚燒。

在許多火災或縱火案中，屍體被發現時，通常成所謂的拳擊手姿勢；因為在遭火焚燒時，肌肉會變緊收縮，使身體屈曲，有如拳擊手出拳前的站姿。(p.96)

l   解讀刀傷的方法

…不同類型的兇器所造成的傷口也各不相同。大型的鈍器，如撥火棒，會形成陷入肌肉、邊緣參差不齊的傷口，且周圍會有大量瘀血。碎玻璃刺入，會造成不規則狀的身口，但很少傷及體內主要臟器。砍剁工具，如切肉刀和砍刀，會造成可怕而鮮血四濺的大傷口。這些都屬於較容易判定由何凶器所造成的傷口。

尖端較鈍的凶器，如螺絲起子或安全剪刀，會造成小而深的孔撞傷口，孔洞邊緣參差不齊，會有內出血與傷及骨頭的狀況。

有趣的是，由於骨頭是由高密度的鈣質組成的堅硬物體，它們反而比皮膚或軟組織更容易留下銳器所造成的印記。在某些情況中，光檢驗骨頭上的痕跡，就足以鑑定它是由何種凶器造成，並推斷出凶器的大小和構造。尺寸、刀鋒寬度，以及凶器刺入的深度，甚至可以非常清楚地從骨頭上的痕跡看出來…(p.129)

一位訓練有素的法醫在解剖當中估算凶器長度時，必會考慮到身體組織的彈性，而做出適度的調整與增減。(p.131)

l   從證據研判致命時刻

…我必須面對一個所有法醫驗屍時都須解決的大問題：被害者在哪一天，或至少在幾星期或幾個月前遭毒手？若不知道這點，要將嫌犯與犯罪現場連起來，或是要將目擊者證詞與實際狀況做比對，便會困難重重。查出被害者的死亡時間，有助於證實或推翻不在場證明。它可以排除或增列涉嫌者，查出符合的殺人方法(例如當兇手使用藥效緩慢或迅速的毒藥時)；在某些特定情況中，它能顯示死者是自殺還是遭謀殺；也可以在法庭上用來支持犯案手法的相關論點…

在現實世界中，精確鑑定出命案被害者的死亡時間，是一項最複雜、最富挑戰性，而且是比我願意承認的還要艱難的任務。在鑑定死亡時間時，常會遇到各種阻礙：沒有目擊者，屍體被移動過，氣候、濕度和溫度的變化，證物保管欠佳或採集不全，屍體經過刻意處理或破壞(如冷凍或以酸液溶解)，以及最常見的嚴重腐敗狀況。

讓這個任務難上加難的是，目前還是缺乏某種可靠的化驗方法，能在發現屍體的幾天之內準確鑑定出死亡時間。…(p.134)

 l   莫忘貝傑瑞

法醫昆蟲學(forensic entomology )是一門奇妙而獨特的科學：它運用蟲子繁殖週期、產卵習性以汲取食模式，來破解命案。隨著病理學家持續發現從觀察食屍甲蟲、胡蜂和蒼蠅的生死循環與習性，可獲得法醫鑑識資料…(p.140)

Revised Annotation 3: Whoever Fights Monsters

Robert,K, Ressler&Thomas,Schachtman.(1995) .Whoever Fights Monsters.台灣先智:平裝.

In the original annotation I merely posted some paragraphs of this book without organizing them. Here I put them in order and added my own thought at the end of the article, so readers know more clear about how psychological profiling truly practice in the investigation.
2. I modified some irrelevant narration and delete redundant plot.(2011/12/26)

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Psychological profiling(心理描繪技術)is a profound skill which needs practitioners equipped with sociology, criminology and psychology. Presently, BAU (Behavior Analysis Unit) is the most famous organization which assists investigation by psychological profiling. Also, BAU is the main of Criminal Mind,  a famous crime series. When a case is presented to BAU and ask for their help, that’s mean this time police officers meet an unusual murderers and forensic evidences are helpless. The police have to rely on this special skill to picture the suspect. According to crime scene, the murderer is cruel and merciless. The longer the time for searching for him, the more dangerous the locals are. Therefore, BAU soon arrive and collect information about suspect as far as they can. Base on the clue from crime scene, specialists have to define suspect’s character. The crime scene may be clean, designed, or with blood everywhere. What type of murderer can be? Is he organized or disorganized? Is he planning this murder beforehand or he just out of control? What kind of person may be his target? These are essential clues. Specialists picture these fragments together and reason out he may be a tall, white man.Perhaps, he losts his job recently. Female with blonde hair is his favorite. With this profiling, the police can narrow down the number of suspects and save more time. Sometime murderers will contact police first either by message on crime scene or statement on newspaper. At that time, investigation will be a psychological warfare between murderer and the police.

Criminals who commit these bloodcurdling murders are not ordinary people, but most of them have ordinary appearances. They talk reasonably, dress normally, even some of them are handsome and intelligent. It is hard for victims to know in fact the guy talking to them enjoy cutting people’s bellies a lot. Any ordinary motives for committing cannot be applied to them, such as money, poverty, or emotional impulsion. They kill for their own emotional satisfactions. Initially, they experiment on their pets, such as fish, dog, or cat to make their fantasy come true. If there is still no one guide and assist them, soon they turn to human beings for further satisfaction. These criminals, or psychopaths, must be isolated when they are proved of having mental disease.  Some of them do know killing is not right but it is impossible for them to control themselves. No chance for fully recovery.

Many people wondering whether a deficient family cause these killers’ emergence. According to the author’s study, if one get no gentle touches, proper caring and feeling of needed in their childhood, on the other word, being loved, then he or she may have problem of maintaining long-term relationship and sexual dysfunction. The former one make them feel lonely and the latter one arouses resentment against female. Parents carry the weight with the growth of a criminal; either violently treating, sexual harassment or ignorance afflicting them both physically and mentally. Consequently, they are deprived of capability of love and can never sympathize other people. Not every unfortunate child is destined to be a series killer in the future. But deficient family is part of what make them series killers. Cruel treatment bud in their early stage of growth. The formation of a criminal still need deeper and wider study so the psychological profiling can be more accurate.

Psychological profiling is a useful tool during the  investigation. If the profile matches the real killer, it can save more time for sieving out suspects and being advantageous in the probable negotiation with them. Furthermore, we can find other absconding criminals through the confession of those who have been caught finally. In Taiwan, there is still a limit to how much psychological profiling can do, due to the human resource and related equipment is not good enough. Wish in the future will be more people willing to develop this strong weapon, enhance the efficiency of closing a case.

Annotation3 : "Whoever Fight Monsters" by Robert K Ressler& Tom Shachtman

“Whoever fights monsters should see to it that in the process he does not become a monster. And if you gaze long enough into an abyss, the abyss will gaze back into you.”Friedrich Nietzsche

l 推薦序(二)可開天眼看凡塵 「心理描繪技術」與刑事偵查工作

心理描繪(psychological profiling)技術，是美國刑事司法界將犯罪心理學的原理原則加以實際運用於刑案偵查的一項重大貢獻。

早在八零年代，美國聯邦調查局，即已群集了一些犯罪心理學家、司法精神醫學家和刑事實務工作人員，企圖發展一套以行為科學為主導的刑事偵察方法，心理描繪技術。這種在傳統刑事偵查技術之外別闢蹊徑的創新發展…以標準化各種罪犯的類型，而能提供實務人員在偵辦刑案時，除借重傳統之物理與化學痕跡的蒐集與鑑識外，更能蒐集到犯人的「心理痕跡」；並能以之過濾嫌犯，縮小偵查範圍而提高破案的比率。

…心理描繪技術是一項極為有效的刑事偵察工具，尤其在實務工作僅使用傳統的技術而窮途莫展的時候。更有進者，就美國聯邦調查局的資料顯示，當心理描繪技術運用在偵辦證跡難尋的縱火犯與性犯罪時，其效果更是彰顯。

l 小偵探大戰群魔‧連續殺手之謎

描繪嫌犯、勾勒嫌犯事項永不停止的學習過程，這樣才能真正了解這些暴力型罪犯的內心世界…大凡這些人都因侵犯他人而違法，只不過他們的動機和金錢無關，不像一般的罪犯其動機都離不開「錢」這個字，那些謀殺、強暴以及侵犯孩子的犯人又有哪個是為了錢而犯法？這些人常常是藉著違法來尋求自己情緒上的滿足，就是這原因才使得他們易於常人…

在連續殺手的內心裏面，也是有這種永遠無法滿足的因素，再加上他們老是覺得自己的手法並沒有「盡善盡美」，因此才會連續的以殺人為樂。

不過一般人對他們都有錯誤的認知，總認為他們是雙重人格，一旦他恢復正常，他就會停止殺戮。不過他們必不會這樣，他們已對殺戮產生了幻想，而他們永不滿足的經驗也成了他們幻想的一部分，也因此而不斷促使他們展開下一次的殺戮─這才是隱藏於「殺人兇手」這一名詞背後的真正意義。(P.43-46)

l 殺人魔訪談驚魂

殊不知在進入監獄前得花許多時間做準備工作，如詳閱罪犯的各種檔案紀錄，一些繁文縟節也要在正式面談前完成，到了正式面談時，又得連續花上三、四個小時，結束之後或許你的原有信念已被擊潰…

幾乎每位同事在面對這種壓力之後都會有種「被犧牲」及「受騙上當」的感覺。…只有穩定的生活才可以讓自己的這份工作不受到殺人狂徒的影響…(p.80-81)

另外一個對我訪談工作有幫助的是，我會一直想挖掘及討論這些兇手其人生中的積極面。…而梅遜說這底片如果看成是社會的話，他就是這個社會的「倒影」─自己的所作所為不啻是社會所有黑暗面的一種反射罷了。(P.84)

l 童年魅影

一個流傳甚廣的說法，就是這些犯人都來自於一個破碎及日漸凋蔽的家庭，不過由我們的例證可以知道這並不確實，許多殺人犯都是出身於一個小康之家，父母收入穩定，一半以上的兇手剛開始都是生活在一個正常的不能在正常的家庭，父母與子女其樂融融的住在一起。另外就整體而言，這些罪犯在童年的表現都十分傑出、聰慧…

根據我們的研究顯示，從出生一直到六、七歲時，生活中最重要的成人就是他們的母親，也就是在這個階段孩子會了解什麼是愛。不過，我們的罪犯與他們母親之間的關係卻是冷淡的、有距離的、互相排斥的以及缺乏愛的。他們極少被愛撫、感受不到情緒上的溫暖，另外既無法像正常人那樣彼此珍惜，也無法表達他們對愛及互相扶持的需要。換言之，他們在童年時代就被剝奪了一個比金錢更重要的東西─愛，結果他們終其一生都得為此付出代價，而且社會也為此付出了慘痛的代價。(p.112-113)

Reflection 1

During this meeting, Emma reminded me of pointing what should we know in the progress of watching crime series, instead of repeating something I have mentioned in the issue paper. Honestly, I was confused when the first time Emma told me. I planned to show the dramatic and exaggerated parts of crime series in the beginning, but soon I knew that I couldn’t do it. I am not a professional criminalist so it is impossible for me to point out these differences. If I am going to do so, I should introduce the knowledge involved in these crime series first, which is enough for an issue paper. Also, introduction of crime series ought to be my original intention to write this issue paper. However, I didn’t understand that until the meeting.

The reason why I choose this topic is because I have watched many kinds of crime series. I want to take advantage of this class to know more about them. It is indeed interesting, but the amount of materials is big and the time is limited. Plus, I have worried about finding the rightest annotation for a long time. I need the material is highly related to my issue paper and it won't take me too much time to read at the same time. In the preparation of fourth annotation, I planed to use a film made by Discovery. But after finishing the film I realized this was not what I want; I must find a more suitable one soon. Although I found a better one later, this material also takes me a lot of effort to understand it first and then explain and summary it in my own way. This time I truly realize criminology is broad and profound. It is a good chance for me to know more about an interesting knowledge but hard to take a grasp of it. 

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Revised Annotation 2: The Art of Interrogation

The main character of “The Closer”, Brenda, is a professional interrogator. After she collects necessary evident, she knows who the murder is, and then she talks to the suspect, walks out the interview room with confession and closes this case. Compare to the “CSI”, “The Closer” puts more emphasis on interrogation. Except for physical evidence, confession in fact is an essential part in investigation. To the suspects, interrogation gives them a chance to explain why they are involved in this case. To the law executors, they can piece the truth together by combination of evidence and confession. “Innocent people can confess things they didn’t do.” Not all the confession is stable and so do the evidence. Unarguably, forensic evidence is powerful, but here “The Closer” reminds us that we ignore the confession easily.

As the video says, interrogation is an art. Good interrogators have to equip with several abilities, not only the required knowledge range widely, but the highly mental intelligence. However, these are just previous preparation. During the interrogation, they act all the time. They may pretend to be provoked by the suspects and lose their temper. Or they may show consideration to suspects but actually they feel disgusting. To sum up in a word, they must be very good at controlling their emotions. Be flexible, objective, and observant. Their mood should shift rapidly to cater to the situation. The performance is diverse, from being agitated and patience. Owing to suspects maybe defective and intelligent, lying, silence, uncooperative are possible. It takes interrogators a lot of time to deal with them. Before the truth is exposed, they are not allowed to view suspects as formal criminal and behave in that way during the interrogation. Interrogators beating suspexts it is out of the question. If the confession is due to violence, the court will not use it. The process is not that soon on TV. Finally, these rules are accompanied with careful observation then the interrogator can do a good job. Just like the well-known book, “What Every Body is Saying: An Ex-FBI Agent’s Guide to Speed-Reading People”, when interrogators are ready, then observe suspects carefully to find out which part of conversation force them move their body. Nevertheless, careful observation is based on years of experience. That’s why it can be called an art. “It goes beyond anything that you can reduce to a formula put in a book and expect people mechanically to be able to follow. Human nature definitely is not so easy to know well.

Understanding the basic rule a good interrogator should follow, we may think about some questions. In Taiwan, it is hard to find a professional interrogator. Police officer may torture the suspect in both verbal and un-verbal ways. Suspects’ human rights are ignored, even though they are proved to be innocent, there must leave inestimable wounds. Such is the case in 蘇建和案, the way the police get confession from three suspects is extremely questionable. Begin at 1990, the suit has been lasted for almost 21 years, it hasn’t been settled until now. People related to the case are left with un-retrievable loss of time and energy. A proper interrogation wouldn’t bring such effect. “The Closer” shows us the basic rule of it, though it’s ultimate goal is entertainment, not all the scenes are real. It still tells us what a good interrogator should armed with, and what a legitimate interrogation can achieve.

Annotation 2 : The art of interrogation

This short video was collected in a famous crime series, "The Closer",third season, first disc. Its primary intention is to explain the truth behind interrogation, which is the main force of this series. The speakers are consisted of professors of law schools, lawyers, detectives, police officers and producer. Based on their professional background, they introduce the history first, and then tell the audience about some key points about interrogation. The video also contains some snatches of series, in order to prove their introduction practically. Overall, the explanation is persuasive. Here are some important information about interrogation below.


Skoobderski, The Closer Season 3 disk 4, The Art of Interrogation

1. The definition of interrogation- a non-coercive procedure in which a law enforcement officer systematically questions a suspect in order to elicit a confession(偵訊：執法者為求嫌疑犯招供而採取的非強制性訊問程序。)

2.Criminal interrogation has been involved a lot in the United States over the last twenty years. Before the Miranda Right took effect, most of police officers beat the suspect for confession.

Miranda Rights:You have the right to remain silent. Anything that you say or do can and will be used against you in a court of law. You have the right to an attorney. If you cannot afford an attorney, one will be appointed to you.

3. The art( of interrogation) dimension really required years of experience as well as understanding of human nature or near psychology .It goes beyond anything that you can reduce to a formula put in a book and expect people mechanically to be able to follow.

4. Literally I think an interrogator has to be patient. When you interrogate somebody you can’t expect you can get the confession in two to three minutes like they do on TV. OK? It sometime takes hours and hours, repeated effort. Often time say something same over and over again.

5. Interrogators have to know the background of the suspects first, so they have the basic idea about who are they. During the process of interview, interrogators have to record every tiny facial expressions, gestures, or sound, so that they can know what part of the conversation move the suspects afterward.

The interrogate gesture- Leaning forward and elbows on the knees, palms up.Interview them from about four half to five feet away.

6. Most of the time interrogators are acting. They use may tactics, such as motherly approach, pressing their hands, patting them on the shoulders, and also displayed fully anger, lost control that was contrived. Even though they know the suspects are merely perverted people, they have to pretend they can understand how they feel. But sometime they can go straight, especially when they deal with the gangsters. Police

7. Back to 1969, the Supreme Court say trickery and conceive is ok. Because it won’t in their view by itself cause in missable or involuntary confession. So can a interrogate lie to a suspect? Absolutely. Should he or she lie to a suspect? That’s depends. Interrogators must know their lies pretty well or it will cease the interview when the suspects find out they are deceived.

8. The first thing an good interrogators have to do is getting past about the Miranda issue. Once the suspects ask to have lawyers, interrogators will in a very dangerous water if they try to get the suspects change their minds.

9. Whatever interrogators do, they would not physically abuse or torture people, to get them tell them the truths.

10. People can say a lot of thing, but interrogators still need the independent evidence. Finger prints help. DNA help. Forensic evidence certainly comes a long way. Confession alone is very very dangerous. Innocent people can confess things they didn’t do.

Annotation 1: "CSI reality" by Max M. Houck

This article can only be read in NCU. Here is the website of database:http://www.nature.com/scientificamerican/journal/v295/n1/full/scientificamerican0706-84.html

Max M, Houck (2006). CSI reality Scientific American295, 84-89 


1.Such programs give the impression that forensic laboratories are fully staffed with highly trained personnel, stocked with a full complement of state-of-the-art instrumentation and rolling in the resources to close every case in a timely fashion.


2.Whether the CSI effect truly exists as a quantifiable influence on courtroom behavior is still a subject of debate.

3.2005 Oregon district attorney Josh Marquis, vice president of the National District Attorneys Association, told CBS News, “Jurors now expect us to have a DNA test for just about every case. They expect us to have the most advanced technology possible, and they expect it to look like it does on television.”


4. But to argue that ‘C.S.I.’ and similar shows are actually raising the number of acquittals is a staggering claim, and the remarkable thing is that, speaking forensically, there is not a shred of evidence to back it up. There is a robust field of research on jury decision-making but no study finding any C.S.I. effect. There is only anecdotal evidence.”

5.The actors playing forensic personnel portrayed on television, for instance, are an amalgam of police officer/detective/forensic scientist—this job description does not exist in the real world.

6.University of Maryland forensic scientist Thomas Mauriello estimates that about 40 percent of the forensic science shown on CSI does not exist.

7.Similarly, working investigators cannot be quite as precise as their counterparts on the screen.

8.Police detectives who at one time might have gathered five pieces of evidence from a crime scene say they are collecting 50 to 400 today.

9. A consequence of the new trends, then, is exacerbation of the already disturbing backlog problem.

10.Another side effect of the increased gathering of physical evidence is the need to store it for various lengths of time, depending on local, state or federal laws.

11.Enrollment in forensic science educational programs across the U.S. is exploding.

12.Two thirds of forensic science laboratory management personnel are currently male, a figure sure to decrease as the newer women workers advance.

13.The best result of public interest in forensics, though, would be increased investment in forensics research.







This article, which I found it on Science American, is taking a multi-faceted approach in introducing “CSI effect”. The author confirms that CSI series, the most popular crime series, has caused some effects among our society. Here are five paragraphs summarize this article.



Firstly, CSI’s influence in the Courtroom.As result of the CSI series, now juries hoping prosecutors submit more DNA evidence to them, which they don’t know what time is right to use it. DNA evidence is hard to collected, moreover, it doesn’t exist. Also, the juries don’t understand its complexity. Since the jury rely more on DNA evidence, they doubt other evidence, such as witness, besides DNA. So some suspects are acquitted.The biggest problem of CSI series is they are too real. When it comes to reality, it is hard to recognize whether the plots on TV can also function. We should bear it in mind that CSI series’ ultimate goal is not to turn every audience into a detective after all.



Secondly, the truth about the detectives-it is impossible that one detective can be a detective, police and a forensic scientist at the same time. These occupations required different training and education. Besides, it is also impossible for these detectives pay a full attention on a case. They have numerous cases waiting for them. Finally, not all the portrait of technology machines is correct. Some machines are just fabricated. Even though some technologies are indeed exist; the searching speed and the range of evidence’s materials are not as perfect as they are on TV.Again, CSI’s ultimate goal is to entertain audience. It won't allow too much actors show on the screen or their identities confused. Also, it has to narrow down the required time of solving cases to approximately fifty minutes or the audience will tired. Of course the true required time is lengthy.



Thirdly, Labs are overloaded with cases.Owing to CSI, now the number of items which brought back by police detectives is ballooned. Along with demand for more DNA analysts, there also needs more space to defense evidence; some of them play an important role in old and cold cases. This new trend forces government face backlog problem, reflects serious lack in equipment, personnel and warehouse. If we decide to peruse the success CSI shows, we have to better our laboratories. CSI reminds us there are many reliable and fast ways to prove one’s innocent and guilty.



Fourthly, The demographics of forensic science has changed. Enrolment in forensic science departments is exploding. More and more students decide to major in them because they are crazy for CSI. On the other hand, due to some CSI’s characters are female, more women devote themselves to be one of crime lab’s employee.Originally, forensics science is not in vogue at all. Now an increasing number of people are eager to know about it. It reflects some unspoken willing of the general- they find a way to contribute themselves to crime investigation without being a real police or studying in law schools. We are all hope that” Justice has a long arm” can be realized.



Fifthly, to ensure public safety in a just manner.CSI let us know that some framed sentences can be avoided by technology. The evidence submitted by forensic science is reliable and integral. Laboratories need more funds from government to improve themselves, so they can help people with crime. However, the needed fund is affordable only to government. On the other hand, if there is a way which is sure to protect citizen’s safety, surely the government should think highly of it.

Information on Wiki

1.CSI:crime scene investigation(CSI:犯罪現場)

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSI%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E7%8F%BE%E5%A0%B4

2. Criminal Minds(犯罪心理)

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8A%AF%E7%BD%AA%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86

3. Bones(識骨尋蹤)

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%86%E9%AA%A8%E5%AF%BB%E8%B8%AA

4. The Closer(結案高手)

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%9B%B8%E8%BF%BD%E6%93%8A

5. Numb3rs(數字追兇)

http://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97%E8%BF%BD%E5%85%87

Issue Paper-2nd Rewritten vision

The changes I make:

Originally I intended to find out the unreasonable plots of crime series and point out how the accurate procedure would be in real world. But soon I know that this arrangement for issue paper is not appropriate. The room for discussion is limited, even not worthwhile.I am incapable of pointing out the mistakes in crime series because I am lack in special knowledge. So this purpose pushes me to change my subject. It may be better if I search the related knowledge from crime series. Owing to the intention is differ from before, I almost rewrite the whole article to make my point more clear. I try to make my goal more practically and worthy to discuss.

Crime Series Reveal More

Crime series have appeared for a long time, but not that famous, not that varied. Most of them only focus on police officer, how they capture criminals by their brilliant heads. Things changed rapidly in year 2000, the “CSI: crime scene investigation” soon drive audience crazy. Soon the similar topics are introduced in these crime series, “Criminal Minds”, “Bones” and “The Closer”. They are focusing on different part of crime investigation respectively, though taste differ, they are all welcomed by audience alike. A crime series fan may be everyone. They come from diverse occupations, ages, countries. They are not afraid of blood, bodies, and cruel murderers. Audience are satisfied when the criminals are exposed, amazed at the detectives as well as high technology’s intelligence. With this endorsement, crime series must have led some changes among our society. For example, jury ask prosecutor to present more accurate and detailed evidence because CSI tells them how powerful these evidence are. Students decide to major in departments which are relating to crime; they see another way to practice justice. Also, crime series expose many subject we hard to know, such as mentally defective children, illegal immigrants, missing people, even leaks in law. Human nature is unpredictable, so does the result of a case. Crime series bring audience diversity vibrations. However, except for examples above, crime series reveal more. Here I would like to emphasis on the professional knowledge of investigation. Crime has always been a mysterious but fascinated subject. Normal people are hard to get information about it unless they are one member of law schools. Now, it is a chance for us to peep at this knowledge. They show us part of the truth of investigation, though not the whole picture, it still useful. To solving a case, the police have to collect clues from different aspects, such as forensic evidence, interrogation or examination from coroners. That’s what crime series show us respectively; they introduce one specialty one time. By tracing the scenes they show us we are able to realize profound knowledge behind these exciting plots, and find out those unspoken but important details. Then, we think about ourselves. Is there any similar cases happened before? Though the crime series’ background is in United States, suppose it is happened in Taiwan? Do crime series show us another possible solution?

In this paper, I am going to discuss the influence of crime series first, make clear ambiguous concepts audience misunderstand. In these specious plots, what is real and what is just for suiting TV program’s requirement? Then, by introducing different kinds of crime series, we find out the hidden but necessary knowledge behind them. What does a real forensic scientist do when they are working? What the required qualities and knowledge an interrogator, a profiler, a coroner has to arm with? How do they overcome their difficulties when they are doing their jobs? Finally, I present my opinion toward Taiwan base on these materials. I believe watching crime series can be more beneficial if we know more about their background. Hope this paper can achieve that goal.